I didn't realize we were suddenly discounting the mouse model in neurological testing but here are a few more.
Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.
P O Ganrot
Abstract
Literature regarding the biochemistry of aluminum and eight similar ions is reviewed. Close and hitherto unknown similarities were found. A hypothetical model is presented for the metabolism, based on documented direct observations of Al3+ and analogies from other ions. Main characteristics are low intestinal absorption, rapid urinary excretion, and slow tissue uptake, mostly in skeleton and reticuloendothelial cells. Intracellular Al3+ is probably first confined in the lysosomes but then slowly accumulates in the cell nucleus and chromatin. Large, long-lived cells, e.g., neurons, may be the most liable to this accumulation. In heterochromatin, Al3+ levels can be found comparable to those used in leather tannage. It is proposed that an accumulation may take place at a subcellular level without any significant increase in the corresponding tissue concentration. The possible effects of this accumulation are discussed. As Al3+ is neurotoxic, the brain metabolism is most interesting. The normal and the lethally toxic brain levels of Al3+ are well documented and differ only by a factor of 3-10. The normal brain uptake of Al3+ is estimated from data on intestinal uptake of Al3+ and brain uptake of radionuclides of similar ions administered intravenously. The uptake is very slow, 1 mg in 36 years, and is consistent with an assumption that Al3+ taken up by the brain cannot be eliminated and is therefore accumulated. The possibility that Al3+ may cause or contribute to some specific diseases, most of them related to aging, is discussed with the proposed metabolic picture in mind.
Motor neuron disease and trace element toxicity
Michael J. Strong 1 2 *, Beiping He 1
1The John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
2Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Abstract
There is a significant degree of overlap between the clinical syndromes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and chronic AlCl3 neurotoxicity. Although there is little, if any, significant overlap with acute AlCl3 neurotoxicity, these latter studies are of importance in demonstrating that an exogenously administered neurotoxin can induce a posttranslational modification in neurofilament, sufficient to bring about neurofilamentous inclusions. The value in the study of chronic AlCl3 neurotoxicity is in the recapitulation of neuronal damage resembling that of ALS and the observations that suggest that the potential for recovery from the neuronal injury can be mediated by microglia. Studies are currently in progress to further define this potential.
Effects of aluminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases.
Kawahara M.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka-city, Miyazaki, 882-8508
Aluminum is environmentally abundant, but not an essential element. Aluminum has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as dialysis encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism dementia in the Kii peninsula and Guam, and in particular, Alzheimer's disease. Although this association remains controversial, there is increasing evidence which suggests the implication of metal homeostasis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum, zinc, copper, and iron cause the conformational changes of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta protein. Al causes the accumulation of tau protein and amyloid-beta protein in experimental animals. Aluminum induces neuronal apoptosis in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, a relationship between aluminum and the iron-homeostasis or calcium-homeostasis has been suggested. Based on these findings, the characteristics of aluminum neurotoxicity are reviewed, and the potential link between aluminum and neurodegenerative diseases is reconsidered.